Miniature sports radar speed measuring device

ABSTRACT

A sensor is provided for measuring the speed of a moving sports object, particularly an object being shot or launched, for example, from a gun, bow or other implement, such as a bullet or paint ball being shot from a gun or an arrow being shot from a bow. The sensor is operable over a short range and is preferably mounted in close proximity to the path of the moving object. The sensor of the preferred embodiment utilizes CW Doppler radar in the form of a microwave radio frequency transmitter and receiver that has a single-transistor integrated antenna/oscillator. A simple, low cost unit having a low radiation and low energy consumption transmitter, receiver and signal processor, is provided. In use, the unit is situated so as to place a transmit/receive antenna close to or in the line of motion of the object. Such an antenna, so positioned, may be separated from the unit and connected through a transmission line. The remote display/annunciator can also or in the alternative be separated and located remote from the transmitter/receiver and connected by a cable or a wireless link. Paint ball gun marker velocity or bullet velocity can be measured or the gun calibrated with a sensor antenna on the gun barrel, and archery arrow velocity can be measured or calibrated with a sensor fixed to a bow.

[0001] This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/005,708, filed Dec. 3, 2001, which will issue as U.S. Pat.No. 6,666,089 on Dec. 23, 2003, which is a Continuation-In-Part ofInternational Application No. PCT/US01/12535, filed Apr. 17, 2001,hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein, which claims priorityto U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/550,735, filed Apr. 17, 2000, nowU.S. Pat. No. 6,378,367, to which priority for this continuationapplication is claimed, all of which are hereby expressly incorporatedby reference herein.

[0002] This application is also related to the parent applications ofU.S. Pat. No. 6,378,367, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. Pat.No. 6,079,269, which is a Continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 5,864,061; U.S.patent application Ser. No. 09/471,905, which is based on U.S.Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/113,378; and U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 09/471,906, which is based on U.S. Provisionalpatent application Serial No. 60/113,434; which are each herebyexpressly incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] A number of methods and devices have been proposed for measuringthe speed of objects such as baseballs and tennis balls and projectilessuch as arrows and bullets. One class of such methods and devices uses atime-distance measurement in which two positions of the moving objectare defined, and the times at which the object is present at eachposition is measured, the elapsed time of the travel of the objectbetween the two positions is computed from the time measurements, andthe known distance between the positions is divided by the elapsed timeto calculate the speed of the object. The devices for such measurementstypically require multiple optical or other sensors. Such methods andsystems can produce valid speed measurements, but the cost or complexityof device design, setup and use can present disadvantages to the user.

[0004] Another class of speed measurement devices uses continuous wave(CW) Doppler radar technology. Devices in this class use reflectedwaves, sometimes sonic in nature, but frequently radio frequencyelectromagnetic radiation (RF). RF systems can be used to detect movingobjects by illuminating the object with the electromagnetic field of theradar and producing an electrical signal at a Doppler frequency which isa measure of the relative speed of the moving object. This technologyhas been pioneered and developed by the defense industry in the UnitedStates, is well documented in textbooks and reports, and has foundnumerous applications in consumer products. Security motion sensors,industrial position sensors and police radar units are examples ofcurrent uses of Doppler radar systems.

[0005] Doppler radar has been used in sports applications to measure thevelocities of sports objects or players relative to one another orrelative to a reference point. Examples of sports radar in use are foundin U.S. Pat. No. 4,276,548 to Lutz and U.S. Pat. No. 5,199,705 toJenkins et al. Conventional sports radar includes “speed guns” formeasuring baseball or softball speed, such as disclosed in the Lutzpatent. Available sports radar units generally occupy considerablevolume, for example approximately 200 cubic inches, which requires thatthey be maintained stationary when used. Further, such systems may costseveral hundred dollars. These units are typically operated by a thirdperson somewhat remote from the players or the objects being measured.

[0006] Implementation of prior art CW Doppler radar systems isrelatively complex, generally involving the use of an RF oscillator andsignal generator, an antenna system to radiate the oscillator outputinto free-space and to receive a portion of the transmittedelectromagnetic energy that is reflected by the moving object, atransmit/receive switch, diplexer, or circulator device if a singleantenna is used for both transmit and receive rather than separatetransmit and receive antennas, and various local oscillators, mixers,phase-locked-loops and other front-end circuits to heterodyne,demodulate and detect the Doppler signal. This complexity imposes highcost and size requirements on the radar units, which have heretoforediscouraged the utilization of CW Doppler technology in consumerapplications where extremely small size and low cost are necessary forpractical end product realization.

[0007] In electronics applications unrelated to those discussed above,Doppler radar systems using simple homodyne circuits have been known.Such applications include defense applications such as ordnanceproximity fuzes and target detectors where Doppler modulation providesevidence of a target encounter. Validation of the presence of targetsignals within a prescribed Doppler frequency passband, and thedetection of amplitude build-up as the target encounter distancedecreases, are sufficient for signal processing and decision making insuch systems, obviating the need to accurately measure or calculate thespecific velocity magnitude or speed. For example, for general proximitysensing applications, mere detection of an increasing distance signal issatisfactory. However, applications requiring a speed measurementnecessitate determination of the specific Doppler frequency and acalculation of a corresponding speed value. Such homodyne circuits arebut among hundreds or thousands of circuits and modulation schemes thatin some way carry speed information but which have not been consideredpractical for providing speed measurements. Accordingly, circuits of asize or cost that are practical for consumer applications such as sportsobject speed measurement have not been known or available.

[0008] Existing Doppler speed measuring devices suffer from loss ofaccuracy due to the inability to place the unit in or close to the pathof the moving object, resulting in a reduction in the speed measurementto the cosine of the angle between the object's velocity vector and theline of the Doppler signal between the unit and the moving object.Further, the Doppler units must be positioned where they are notsubjected to damage by collision with the object.

[0009] Accordingly, a need exists for a low cost, effective, small size,low power device useful for measuring and displaying or otherwiseoutputting the speed of objects in consumer applications such as sportsand sports training.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] A primary objective of the present invention is to provide asmall size, low cost, low power device for measuring object speed thatis practical for consumer applications, particularly recreation andsports. It is a particular objective of the present invention to providea sports radar unit for measuring and outputting the velocity magnitudeor speed of a sports object or projectile being propelled or shot by auser or from some form of launching implement. It is a more particularobjective of the invention to provide such a speed measurement apparatusand method for measurement of the speed of balls, bullets, markers,paintballs, arrows, and other objects being shot, thrown or launched bya user or from a gun, bow or other launcher or similar implement.

[0011] According to some embodiments of the present invention, there isprovided a radar speed sensor that is small in size, low in cost, low inpower consumption and radiated energy, that measures and outputs thespeed of an object. The sensor also may display the measured speed to auser. Further according to other embodiments of the invention, a radarunit is provided that is adapted for mounting at or near the path orpoint of reception of the moving object, particularly at the locationof, or on, the implement or person from which the object is being shotor otherwise launched. The unit produces a radar speed measurement andproduces an output signal that can operate a display or other devicethat interprets the speed measurement.

[0012] The positioning of the speed measuring unit is such as tofacilitate the use of a low power, short range signal and accurate speedmeasurement. In the illustrated embodiments, the unit employscontinuous-wave Doppler radar and transmits and receives RF energy in amicrowave frequency range, for example, a frequency of approximately 2.4GHz or 5.8 GHz or higher. Frequencies in the 10-25 GHz range can, forexample, be used. A frequency of 5.8 GHz, for example, is suitable for anumber of sports applications. Governmental regulations restrict theavailable frequencies differently in different countries. The frequencyis 10.5 GHz may be required in some countries, and the 10.5 GHzfrequency, which is available in most countries, is useful wherenarrow-beam low-power radiation is desired.

[0013] The speed measuring unit according to one embodiment of theinvention, includes a radar transmitter and receiver that employs asingle simple CW Doppler homodyne circuit preferably having anoscillator-detector that is based on a single transistor, which utilizesresonant circuit elements of the oscillator as an antenna to radiateenergy into free-space. A portion of the radiated energy strikes thenearby moving object and is reflected back to the oscillator-antennacircuit where it is mixed with the oscillator signal. The coherentrelationship of the transmitted and received signals in a simplehomodyne circuit produces a Doppler frequency modulation as the distanceto the moving object changes.

[0014] The illustrated embodiments of the present invention make use ofthe phenomena whereby, at a given separation distance between the radarand the moving object, the received object-reflected signal is exactlyin-phase with, and reinforces, the oscillator signal, but as theseparation distance changes by each one-quarter wavelength of thetransmitted signal, the total two-way travel distance to the object andback changes by one-half wavelength, resulting in an out-of-phase orcanceling relationship between the received and transmitted signals.Each distance change of one-half wavelength results in a two-way radarround trip change of one wavelength, thus producing one complete cycleof modulation. As the distance to the moving object changes bysuccessive one-half wavelength increments, multiple cycles of modulationare produced. The frequency of this modulating signal is the Dopplerfrequency, which is equal to the velocity of the moving object expressedin terms of one-half wavelengths of the transmitted signal as follows:$f_{D} = {\frac{v}{\lambda_{t}/2} = \frac{2v\quad f_{t}}{c}}$

[0015] where: f_(D) is the frequency of Doppler modulation,

[0016] v is the relative velocity of the moving object,

[0017] λ_(t) is the wavelength of the transmitted signal,

[0018] f_(t) is the frequency of the transmitted signal,

[0019] c is the magnitude of the velocity of electromagnetic energypropagating in surrounding medium (free-space in this case) and is equalto the product of frequency and wavelength.

[0020] In certain embodiments of the invention, such a resulting Dopplersignal, which modulates the oscillator signal, is detected by filteringit out of the incoming signal, amplifying it, filtering it again andconverting it to a digital signal, preferably using a zero-crossingdetector (ZCD). The output of the ZCD is ideally a square wave having afrequency that is the Doppler frequency. The detected digitized Dopplerfrequency signal is applied to the input port of a microprocessor, whichmeasures the time between negative-going zero-crossings using aninternal timer. The measurement of zero-crossing intervals are comparedto certain criteria to verify that a valid signal is being processed.Then a Doppler frequency value is calculated from the measuredzero-crossing information by taking the time between zero-crossings inthe same direction as is equal to the period of the Doppler frequency.Using the above formula, the velocity of the moving object toward thesensor, for example, the speed of a thrown ball approaching the sensor,is then calculated. The calculated velocity magnitude is displayed on asmall liquid crystal display (LCD).

[0021] The radar unit of the invention may be located in close proximityto the path of the object whose speed is being measured. It may, forexample, be located such that the object moves within one or a few feetof the speed measuring device. This arrangement may place the radar unitwithin a few inches of the object whose speed is being measured for atleast a portion of the flight of the object and within a few feet of theobject for long enough for substantially all of the speed measurement tobe made. For measuring projectiles from shooting implements, the radarunit is positioned so that the object is moving almost directly awayfrom the unit with the speed of the object being measured within closeproximity to the unit. In certain embodiments of the invention, theantenna of the unit may positioned in or very close to the path of themoving object with a signal processing portion of the unit positionedremote from the antenna and connected to the antenna by a transmissionline. The antenna is typically of a fixed length and, if remote from theother circuitry of the unit, may be connected to the circuitry with acoaxial, parallel conductor or other transmission line that is impedancematched and designed into the RF detector circuitry.

[0022] By so locating the speed measuring radar unit immediatelyadjacent the path of the object whose speed is being measured andproviding the unit with a short range of effectiveness of less than tenfeet, and preferably of from one to three feet, velocity errors due tooff-line location are minimized, since the Doppler frequency representsthe velocity of the object in a direction toward or away from the radarunit. Mounting the radar unit on a gun barrel or archery bow, forexample, places the unit in an effective location. With such placement,transmitter output power can be in the order of microwatts, which ismuch less than the radiated power levels of most wireless consumerproducts such as cellular and portable telephones. Short range detectionavoids false readings of speed due to the motions or movement of thelaunching implement, a target or other item that might be in the fieldof view of the radar antenna.

[0023] The display may be positioned on the unit itself facingrearwardly so that the shooter or other user can read the output uponlaunching the object. The unit can alternatively provide an outputsignal that may be transmitted, through cable or a wireless link, to aremote display or other device. Mounted on a gun barrel or archery bow,the antenna portion of the radar unit may face the target while thedisplay is oriented on the back of the radar unit so it is visible tothe shooter or may be located elsewhere. An LCD, a battery and a powersupply are located in the unit, with switches located on the unit andaccessible to the user. The unit may also include a real time displaysuch as that of a conventional digital wristwatch, which can share thebattery and power circuit with the speed measuring device and utilizethe display of the device to display time of day or elapsed time.

[0024] The radar velocity sensor can be operated from a 2.5 VDC batterypower supply, requiring an average current of less than one milliampere.Thus, a single 3 volt nominal lithium cell capable of 160milliampere-hours can power the sensor for a relatively long duration.Small, inexpensive cylindrical and button configuration lithium cellswith this energy capability are readily available and are widely used inconsumer products. Power “ON/OFF” and “Reset” switches are providedwhich are easily operated by the one hand of the user.

[0025] The velocity measurement device of the present invention iscapable of being miniaturized and produced inexpensively so that it canbe used in consumer applications, which, up to now, have not heretoforebeen addressed by the prior art. It can be built into, or attached to, abaseball or softball glove, to measure the speed of the ball beingcaught. The radar can be worn on the person of the user or on alaunching implement. A radar unit can be built directly into theimplement.

[0026] According to certain applications of the present invention, speedmeasurement of other sports objects is provided in applications wheresmall portable devices may be used. For example, paint ball guns used insurvival games and training use air pressure to propel paint balls ormarkers at other players. To avoid injury to the players being shot withthe markers, the velocity of the markers at the barrels of the guns islimited to, for example, 300 feet per second. To optimize the trajectoryof the markers, it is desirable to calibrate the guns so that the markeris as close to the upper velocity limit without going over the limit.One embodiment of the invention contemplates the fixing of a speedmeasuring unit or the antenna thereof on the barrel of the marker gunclosely adjacent the barrel with the antenna aimed parallel to thebarrel and the path of the marker. The device is adjusted to processDoppler readings for a speed range of, for example, 150 to 450 feet persecond. To accommodate such speeds, band pass filter and clock speedsettings are made to differ from those used for baseballs, etc.Depending on the anticipated speed of the object being measured, suchsettings should be made to exclude signals below and above theanticipated speed range to eliminate erroneous readings, and the timingshould be such that a series of speed readings are made of the speed ofthe object traveling in the range of the signal.

[0027] Further, in archery competition, the trajectory of an arrowdepends on precise control of the speed of the arrow leaving the bow. Asin the paint ball application, the speed measuring device can beattached to a bow to measure the speed of an arrow leaving the bow. Thedevice is preferably fixed to an extension forward of the bow, closelyadjacent the path of the arrow. For example, the device may be fixedahead of the tip of the arrow when the bow is drawn and at about orslightly ahead of the midpoint of the arrow when the rear of the arrowis resting against the undrawn bowstring. The device may, accordingly,be fixed on the end of a counterbalance bar that is fixed to and extendsforward of the bow.

[0028] As with paint ball guns, firearms may be provided with the speedmeasuring device of the invention to measure the velocity of a bulletleaving the barrel of the gun. Parameters of the speed measuring device,for such an application, would be set to accommodate object speeds offrom about several hundred to a few thousand feet per second.

[0029] These and other objectives and advantages of the presentinvention will be more readily apparent from the following detaileddescription of the illustrated embodiments of the invention, in which:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a speed measuringdevice according to certain preferred embodiments of the invention.

[0031]FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the speed measuringdevice of FIG. 1.

[0032]FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of circuitryof the speed measuring device of FIG. 1.

[0033]FIG. 3A is a schematic block diagram of the RF detector andantenna portion of the circuitry of FIG. 3 illustrating an embodimenthaving a remote antenna.

[0034]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of thespeed measuring devices of FIGS. 1-3 for measuring marker speed leavingthe barrel of a paint ball gun.

[0035]FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment, similarto that of FIG. 4, for measuring the speed of an arrow leaving anarchery bow.

[0036]FIG. 5A is a perspective view similar to FIG. 5, illustrating thelocation of the speed measuring unit in relation to an arrow on anarchery bow with the bow drawn.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0037]FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a speed measuring device orunit 10, according to principles of the present invention, secured tothe barrel 12 of a rifle or other firearm 14. The firearm 14 isillustrated immediately after having fired a bullet 16 from its barrel12. The path of the bullet 16 is illustrated by line 13. The device 10,so secured to the barrel 12, is located within a few inches of thedirect path 18 of movement of the bullet 16 being fired from the gun 14.The device 10, in the illustrated embodiment, has a two part plastichousing 15 that includes a forward facing housing 17 and a rearwardfacing housing 18, as illustrated in FIG. 2. In the illustratedembodiment of the unit 10, the two parts of the housing 17,18 aresecured together to form a single enclosure that contains theelectronics of the unit 10. The forward facing housing 17 is secured bya fastening element or bracket 20, for example, configured orconfigurable to attach to the barrel 12 of the gun 14. The housing 15encloses an antenna 21 (FIGS. 2 and 3) with a radiation pattern having amain lobe that faces in the direction that the barrel 12 is pointingparallel to, or inclined slightly toward, the path 13 in the directionof the receding bullet 16. The rearward facing housing 18 contains aspeed output annunciator, for example, a visual display 22 such as anLCD having, for example, a digital readout of two to four digits. On therearward facing housing 18 there is also provided one or more controlbuttons, such as, for example, a plurality of buttons 25-27, andincluding particularly button 25, which is a unit on/off switch. Asecond button 26 may be a mode switch that permits sequential selectionof the units of the display 22, for example, in miles per hour,kilometers per hour, feet per second or meters per second. A thirdbutton 27 may be a reset or start button that powers the transmitter fora predetermined amount of time, such as ten or fifteen seconds, afterwhich the transmitter of the unit will turn off. Alternatively, thefunction of the on/off button 25 and reset button 27 may be combined sothat a momentary depression of the button 25 powers the entire unit,which turns off automatically after the predetermined amount of time.

[0038] As further illustrated in FIG. 2, between the forward andrearward facing housings 17 and 18 is a circuit board 33 that containsthe transmitting and receiving circuitry, and a signal processingcircuit board 30 that contains the signal processing and logic of theunit 10. The circuit board 30 includes a battery 31 that is replaceablethrough an access door 32 in the rearward facing housing 18. The board33 contains components and circuitry of a transmitter/oscillatorcircuit, which includes the strip transmission line resonator/antenna21. The circuit board 30 contains a signal filter and processor 34 thatprocesses the detected Doppler signal that is produced in the RF circuitby the moving object, an operational amplifier-based voltage regulatorchip 35 that provides filtered regulated voltage to the signal processorchip 34 at about one-half the supply voltage of the battery 31, amicroprocessor 36 that digitizes output from the signal processor 34 andinterprets the detected signal as a speed reading and communicates theinterpreted signal to the display 22, and clock and delay circuits 37,38, respectively, that are used by the microprocessor 36.

[0039] An alternative embodiment of the unit 10 may be configured forattachment to the gun or implement 14 with at least the antenna 21positioned adjacent the path 13 of the object whose speed is beingmeasured, but with the control button 25, display 22 and others of thecomponents remote from the antenna.

[0040] The electronics of the units 10 illustrated in FIG. 3 can befabricated utilizing readily available components. The Doppler sensorcircuit 33 is preferably a CW radar homodyne oscillator-detector 50having an integral antenna circuit by which the moving object 16 isdetected. The oscillator preferably operates at between 5725 and 5875MHz, but may also operate at 2400-2425 MHz or at other frequencies,typically in the 2,000 to 25,000 MHz region. The oscillator 50 of thepreferred embodiment draws about 0.6 milliamperes from a 2.5 VDC powersource such as the battery 31. Partially because of the location andconfiguration of the units 10, less than ten microwatts need betransmitted into free-space by the oscillator resonant elements. Theseelements are preferably of a strip transmission line configuration thatincludes two electrically equivalent quarter wave micro-strip lines thatform radiating elements 21 a, 21 b of the antenna 21. The elements 21 a,21 b, along with a transistor Q1 and a coil 53, form a negativeresistance network which oscillates with a capacitor 21 c at theoperating carrier frequency of, for example, 2.4 GHz, 5.8 GHz or 10.5GHz. A transmission line 51 and capacitor 49 are provided to preventparasitic oscillations in the bias network. Capacitor 52 is a bypasscapacitor which creates a low impedance to ground for the carrierfrequency, partially filtering the carrier signal at an outlet 54 atwhich the received Doppler signal can be extracted. Typical objects thesize of a baseball or softball within a distance of about two feet fromthe radar, produce a reflected Doppler frequency signal having anamplitude in the 10 to 100 microvolt range. This signal modulates theoscillator signal at the Doppler sensor output 54 of the sensor circuit33.

[0041] A portion of the modulated oscillator signal that has beenfiltered within the oscillator circuit 33 and fed on the outlet 54 intothe signal processor 34 consists of a commercially available AC orcapacitively coupled high-gain differential amplifier 55, several stagesof filters 56 and a ZCD 57. The gain of the differential amplifier 55 ispreferably set at a gain of about 1000, or 60 dB. The filters 56 producea 400-2500 Hz passband, or whatever other passband needed to cover therange of anticipated Doppler frequency signals expected to beencountered given the speed range of the object and the transmissionfrequency being used. The filters 56 include, for example, standardtwin-tee configuration operational amplifier based 60 Hz and 120 Hznotch filters 56 a, 56 b to suppress AC power circuit interference. Thefilters 56 also include two second-order, multiple feedback high-passfilters 56 d, 56 e each having a gain, for example, of 2.7, and eachhaving a 3 dB cutoff frequency of 160 Hz. Next, the filters 56 include asingle order passive low-pass filter 56 e having, for example, a 3 dBcutoff frequency of 2500 Hz. The passband can be tailored to fulfillspecific needs by selection of the corresponding low and high passfilter component values which establish the corner frequencies. Theamplified and filtered signal from the filtering stages 56 is fed to theZCD 57, which is a standard Schmitt trigger that uses a commercialcomparator, with positive feedback to create hysteresis. The ZCDproduces a square-wave which is output and applied to the input of aneight-bit microprocessor 36.

[0042] The microprocessor 36 is connected to external clock circuit 37which provides a time reference to the microprocessor 36. Themicroprocessor 36 is programmed to verify the validity of the receivedsignal, for example, by requiring at least four consecutive Dopplerfrequency cycles, which causes it to recognize the received signal as avalid Doppler signal reading. When a reading is determined to be a validDoppler signal reading, the microprocessor calculates the correspondingvelocity. The microprocessor 36 has an output 61 that communicates asignal representative of the calculated Doppler speed measurementthrough appropriate drivers (not shown) to the LCD 22 for display. Thecalculation is made by detecting successive negative edge zero-crossingsfollowing the depression of the reset button 27, which triggers amicroprocessor interrupt that samples the clock 37 to cause the times ofeach crossing to be stored and so the intervals between them can becalculated. The sampling is terminated after 26 successive negativetransitions are stored, or there has been a dead time of at least ⅙second since the last transition, indicating that the object or targetis no longer moving. Once the data has been captured, the differencesbetween transition times are calculated, from which the Dopplerfrequency is determined. In making the calculations, the microprocessor36 enhances the speed reading validity by starting with the differencebetween the first two recorded time readings and then looking for asequence of at least three consecutive periods that are within 25% ofeach other. If none is found, the process is started over and additionalreadings are stored. When three consecutive readings within 25% of eachother are found, the data is scanned until three consecutive readingsare not within 25% of each other, whereupon the calculations areaveraged. The averaged calculated Doppler frequency value is thenconverted to the selected units and displayed. Velocity can be displayedin miles per hour, kilometers per hour or meters per second in thepreferred embodiment, selectable by the user by way of the MODE switch26, which is a pushbutton switch which, when depressed, sequentiallysteps the display 22 through the various units, as is convenient for theuser.

[0043] The electronics are powered by a power supply formed of thebattery 31 which is connected/disconnected by the ON/OFF switch 25,which controls signal power to the microprocessor 36, the signalprocessor 34 and display 22. However, the oscillator transmitter circuitpower is controlled by the READY, or RESET switch 27 through themicroprocessor 36 when the battery power switch 25 is “ON”. Activationof the RESET switch 27 causes the microprocessor 36 to close atransmitter power switch 60 which applies electrical power to thetransmitter/Doppler sensor circuit 33 for a prescribed time interval(e.g. 10-15 seconds) controlled by the time delay circuit 38, or untilan object velocity signal is calculated as controlled by themicroprocessor 36, whichever occurs first, after which the transmitter33 and signal processor circuit 34 are deactivated as the microprocessorcauses the switch 60 to turn “OFF”. Activation of the RESET switch 26causes the microprocessor 36 to reset the LCD 22, which is holding thepreviously calculated velocity value, and to re-apply power to thetransmitter 33 and signal processor 34 for performing the next detectionand velocity measurement. In this manner, the transmitter radiatedoutput is limited to just the period of time of actual measurementusage, and battery power is also conserved.

[0044] Easily packaged in a volume of about 1-3 cubic inches are: asingle transistor oscillator-detector-antenna circuit 33, signalprocessor 34 with the Doppler bandpass amplifier and the zero-crossdetector, eight-bit microprocessor velocity calculator and transmittercontroller 36, liquid crystal display 22, single-cell battery powersupply 31 and ON/OFF and RESET switches 26, 27. For example, thespecific embodiment described above can be packaged in a volume of lessthan two cubic inches using discrete circuit components, and, withappropriate utilization of a custom application-specific integratedcircuit (ASIC) and at a frequency of about 5.8 GHz, the device can bepackaged in a volume of approximately one-half cubic inch. At higherfrequencies of 10 to 25 GHz, which can be used, the package size will beessentially the preferred size of the display or is otherwise determinedby other components of the unit.

[0045] More detailed embodiments of the speed measuring device describedabove are described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos.09/471,905 and 09/471,906, referred to above.

[0046] In FIG. 4, an embodiment of a speed measurement device 310 isillustrated mounted on a paint ball gun 300 to measure the speed of apaint ball marker 301 shot from the gun. The device 310, so used,provides a way to calibrate the gun 300 so that the speed of the marker301 approaches but does not exceed a maximum marker velocity limit of,for example, 300 feet per second. A self contained device 310 may bemounted on the barrel of the gun 300 as illustrated in FIG. 4, with theantenna directed in the direction in which the gun 300 is pointing, or aremote antenna element 321 may be mounted on the barrel close to thebarrel centerline, with the remaining circuitry 33 a located rearwardlyof the antenna element 121 and connected to the antenna 121 through thetransmission line 120.

[0047]FIG. 5 illustrates an arrow speed measuring embodiment 510 for usein archery, which operates in a manner similar to that of the paint ballmarker speed measuring embodiment 310 of FIG. 4. In the embodiment 510,an archery bow 500 is equipped with the speed measuring device 510 tomeasure the speed of an arrow 501 shot from the bow. The device 510 maybe self-contained and mounted on the end of a counterweight orstabilizer 502 that might normally be employed, which extends from thefront of the bow 500 immediately below and parallel to a line 503 thatincludes the intended path of the arrow 501 as it leaves the bow 500. Analternative extension may be provided instead of the stabilizer 502 tohold the device 510 at a fixed position on the bow 501. Preferably, thespeed measuring device 510 is supported on the bow 500 at a distance Labout seven inches forward of the front of the bow 500. The device 510is vertically adjustably mounted on the counterweight 502 so that theantenna thereof can be positioned within about one-half inch of the line503 defining the path of the arrow 501. The antenna of the device 510 isdirected in the direction toward which the arrow 501 is pointing.Alternatively, a remote antenna element may be mounted on the bow 500close to the arrow 501 with the remaining circuitry and/or display ofthe device 510 located elsewhere. Where elements of the device 510 arelocated remote from the antenna, the antenna may be connected to thetransmitter receiver of the device 510 through a transmission line andother elements may be further connected through cable or a wireless linkto the transmitter or each other. As so positioned on the bow 500, thespeed measuring device 510 is located adjacent or just forward of thehead 509 of the arrow 501 when the bow is drawn, as illustrated in FIG.5A.

[0048] The rifle, other firearms and other projectile launching orshooting implements may be assembled in the manner of those of FIGS. 1,4 and 5 described above according to principles of the presentinvention. With the various embodiments, the Doppler frequencies passedby the filters and the timing of the samples should be set to bestaccommodate the anticipated speeds being measured.

[0049] Other applications of the invention can be made. Those skilled inthe art will appreciate that the applications of the present inventionherein are varied, and that the invention is described in preferredembodiments. Accordingly, additions and modifications can be madewithout departing from the principles of the invention. Accordingly, thefollowing is claimed:

1. A method of measuring the speed of a moving sports object comprisingthe steps of: providing a battery powered device that includes atransmitter/receiver, at least one antenna element, a signal processorhaving an input connected to the transmitter/receiver, and an outputannunciator having an input in communication with the signal processor,the annunciator being located remote from the antenna element;positioning the at least one antenna element in line with the path ofthe moving object the speed of which is to be measured; locating thetransmitter/receiver, processor and annunciator remote from at least oneantenna element; generating a Doppler signal proportional to the speedof the object by producing an RF signal with the transmitter/receiver,transmitting the RF signal from the transmitter/receiver to the antennaelement and radiating the RF signal from the antenna element along thepath of the moving object, reflecting the RF signal from the object,receiving the reflected signal with the antenna element, transmittingthe reflected signal from the antenna element to thetransmitter/receiver, and detecting the Doppler signal from thereflected signal with the transmitter/receiver; processing the detectedDoppler signal with the signal processor and producing therefrom adigital representation of the speed of the object; and outputting thedigital representation of the speed of the object with the annunciator.2. The method of claim 1 wherein: providing a transmission lineconnecting the at least one antenna element to the transmitter/receiverwhich is located remote from the antenna element; and said transmittingthe RF from the transmitter/receiver signal to the antenna element andsaid transmitting of the reflected RF signal from the antenna element tothe transmitter/receiver.
 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising awireless communications link connecting the processor with theannunciator.
 4. The method of claim 1 for measuring the speed of aswinging sports implement wherein: the positioning step includes thestep of providing a post adjacent a person swinging a sports objectpropelling implement, the post having a free end having the at least oneantenna element secured thereto, and positioning the free end in theapproximate path of the implement to be swung by the person; thelocating step includes fixing the transmitter/receiver, processor andannunciator away from the free end of the post with the transmissionline extending from the antenna element to the transmitter/receiver;wherein, when the person swings the implement, the speed of the swingingimplement is output by producing an RF signal with thetransmitter/receiver, transmitting the RF signal along the transmissionline and the post to the antenna element at the free end of the post andradiating the RF signal from the antenna element at the free end of thepost along the path of the swinging implement, reflecting the RF signalfrom the implement, receiving the reflected signal with the antennaelement at the free end of the post, transmitting the reflected signalfrom the antenna element along the transmission line to thetransmitter/receiver, detecting the Doppler signal from the reflectedsignal with the transmitter/receiver, processing the detected Dopplersignal with the signal processor and producing therefrom a digitalrepresentation of the speed of the object, and outputting the digitalrepresentation of the speed of the swinging implement with theannunciator.
 5. The method of claim 4 wherein the implement is abaseball bat and the person is a batter swinging the baseball bat. 6.The method of claim 4 wherein the implement is a golf club and theperson is a golfer swinging the golf club.
 7. The method of claim 4wherein: the positioning step providing a tee that includes a basehaving the post upstanding vertically from the base with the free endthereof configured to support a ball thereon in the approximate path ofthe implement to be swung by the person; and the locating step includesfixing the transmitter/receiver and processor on the base.
 8. The methodof claim 7 wherein: the output annunciator is a digital display; and thelocating step includes providing the digital display on the base.
 9. Themethod of claim 1 for measuring the speed of a baseball wherein: thepositioning step includes the step of providing a glove positionablewith the at least one antenna element secured thereto in the approximatepath of a ball to be caught by a person using the glove.
 10. The methodof claim 1 for measuring the speed of body movements of a martial artstrainee wherein: the positioning step includes the step of providing atarget pad having the at least one antenna element secured thereto, andpositioning the pad in the approximate path of punches or kicks by thetrainee; the locating step includes fixing the transmitter/receiver,processor and annunciator away from the pad with the transmission lineextending from the antenna element to the transmitter/receiver; wherein,when the trainee punches or kicks the pad, the speed of a hand or footof the trainee striking the pad is output by producing an RF signal withthe transmitter/receiver, transmitting the RF signal along thetransmission line to the antenna element on the pad and radiating the RFsignal from the antenna element at the pad along the path of the punchesor kicks, reflecting the RF signal from the hand or foot of the trainee,receiving the reflected signal with the antenna element at the pad,transmitting the reflected signal from the antenna element along thetransmission line to the transmitter/receiver, detecting the Dopplersignal from the reflected signal with the transmitter/receiver,processing the detected Doppler signal with the signal processor andproducing therefrom a digital representation of the speed of the hand orfoot striking the pad, and outputting the digital representation of thespeed with the annunciator.
 11. The method of claim 1 for measuring thespeed of a marker shot from a paint ball gun wherein: the positioningstep includes the step of providing a paint ball gun locating at leastone antenna element adjacent to the barrel thereof proximate the path ofmarkers shot from the barrel; the locating step includes fixing thetransmitter/receiver, processor and annunciator to the gun with thetransmission line extending from the antenna element to thetransmitter/receiver; wherein, when a marker is shot from the gun, thespeed of the marker leaving the barrel is output by producing an RFsignal with the transmitter/receiver, transmitting the RF signal alongthe transmission line to the antenna element on the barrel and radiatingthe RF signal from the antenna element at the barrel along the path ofthe markers leaving the barrel, reflecting the RF signal from themarker, receiving the reflected signal with the antenna element at thebarrel, transmitting the reflected signal from the antenna element alongthe transmission line to the transmitter/receiver, detecting the Dopplersignal from the reflected signal with the transmitter/receiver,processing the detected Doppler signal with the signal processor andproducing therefrom a digital representation of the speed of the markerleaving the barrel, and outputting the digital representation of thespeed with the annunciator.
 12. A tee comprising: a verticallyupstanding post having a free end configured to support a ball thereonin the approximate path of a bat to be swung by a person; at least oneantenna element located on the post in close proximity to the free endthereof; a transmitter/receiver located remote from the free end of thepost and operable to transmit and receive a continuous RF signal and todetect a Doppler signal therefrom; a transmission line extending alongthe post and connecting the at least one antenna element to thetransmitter/receiver; a signal processor remote from the free end of thepost and having an input connected to the transmitter/receiver andoperable to produce a digital signal in response to the detected Dopplersignal; and an output annunciator remote from the free end of the postand having an input connected to the signal processor.
 13. A method ofmeasuring the speed of body movements of a martial arts traineecomprising the steps of: providing a target pad having at least oneantenna element secured thereto, and positioning the target pad in theapproximate path of punches or kicks by the trainee; providing atransmitter/receiver connected to the at least one antenna element, asignal processor having an input connected to the transmitter/receiver,and a digital display having an input connected to the signal processor;and when the trainee punches or kicks the pad, displaying the speed of ahand or foot of the trainee striking the pad on the display by producingan RF signal with the transmitter/receiver, transmitting the RF signalto the antenna element on the pad and radiating the RF signal from theantenna element along the path of the punches or kicks, reflecting theRF signal from a hand or foot of the trainee that is striking the pad,receiving the reflected signal with the antenna element on the pad,transmitting the reflected signal from the antenna element to thetransmitter/receiver, detecting a Doppler signal from the reflectedsignal with the transmitter/receiver, processing the detected Dopplersignal with the signal processor and in response thereto displaying anumerical representation of the punch or kick speed on the display. 14.A method of measuring the speed of a sports object comprising the stepsof: providing a transmitter/receiver, at least one antenna elementconnected to the transmitter/receiver, a signal processor having aprocessor input connected to the transmitter/receiver, and a visualdisplay having a display input connected to the signal processor;positioning the at least one antenna element on a device from which theobject is shot and forward thereof in close proximity to the path of theobject; when an object is shot from the device, displaying on thedisplay a digital representation of the speed of the object leaving thedevice by producing an RF signal with the transmitter/receiver,transmitting the RF signal via the antenna element and radiating the RFsignal from the antenna element adjacent the device along the path ofthe object, reflecting the RF signal from the object, the reflected RFsignal containing a Doppler signal related to the speed of the objectmoving from the device, receiving the reflected signal with the antennaelement adjacent the device, communicating the reflected signal from theantenna element to the transmitter/receiver, detecting the Dopplersignal from the reflected signal with the transmitter/receiver,processing the detected Doppler signal with the signal processor and inresponse thereto outputting a digital representation of the speed of theobject leaving the device on the display.
 15. The method of claim 14wherein the object is a marker shot from a paint ball gun and wherein:the positioning includes positioning the at least one antenna elementadjacent to the barrel of a paint ball gun in close proximity to thepath of markers shot from the barrel; and when a marker is shot from thegun, displaying on the display a digital representation of the speed ofthe marker leaving the barrel by producing an RF signal with thetransmitter/receiver, transmitting the RF signal via the antenna elementand radiating the RF signal from the antenna element adjacent the barrelalong the path of the marker leaving the barrel, reflecting the RFsignal from the marker from the barrel, the reflected RF signalcontaining a Doppler signal related to the speed of the marker movingaway from the barrel, receiving the reflected signal with the antennaelement adjacent the barrel, communicating the reflected signal from theantenna element to the transmitter/receiver, detecting the Dopplersignal from the reflected signal with the transmitter/receiver,processing the detected Doppler signal with the signal processor and inresponse thereto outputting a digital representation of the speed of themarker leaving the barrel on the display.
 16. The method of claim 15further comprising: adjusting the marker velocity of the paintball gunin response to the detected Doppler signal.
 17. The method of claim 14wherein the object is an arrow shot from a bow and wherein: thepositioning includes positioning the at least one antenna element on thebow and forward thereof in close proximity to the path of arrows shotfrom the bow; when an arrow is shot from the bow, displaying on thedisplay a digital representation of the speed of the arrow leaving thebow by producing an RF signal with the transmitter/receiver,transmitting the RF signal via the antenna element and radiating the RFsignal from the antenna element adjacent the bow along the path of thearrow, reflecting the RF signal from the arrow from the bow, thereflected RF signal containing a Doppler signal related to the speed ofthe arrow moving from the bow, receiving the reflected signal with theantenna element adjacent the bow, communicating the reflected signalfrom the antenna element to the transmitter/receiver, detecting theDoppler signal from the reflected signal with the transmitter/receiver,processing the detected Doppler signal with the signal processor and inresponse thereto outputting a digital representation of the speed of thearrow leaving the bow on the display.